ABSTRACT
Real-world study is increasingly becoming an important source of evidence for changing clinical practice, especially for clinical problems that can't be randomized. In recent years, real-world research in the field of breast cancer has gradually became a boom. Existing research results have begun to assist in the epidemiological analysis of breast cancer, promote the approval of rare diseases diagnosis and indication, and promote the analysis of real-world treatment status and evaluation of curative effects. Chinese scholars have also established databases and carried out relevant real-world research, providing real-world evidence for clinical practice in China. But domestic research is still in its infancy. The number of real-world research literature published by domestic scholars is relatively small, and there is a lack of pragmatic randomized clinical trial and real-world research for decision-making. In the future, we need to take advantage of the abundant diagnosis and treatment resources, further improve the database, and carry out real-world study on drug development based on population data in China.
ABSTRACT
Increasing numbers of targeted drugs are used in hormone receptor (HR)-positive metastatic breast cancer (MBC) to overcome or delay resistance to endocrine therapy. This study will systemically review the progress made in endocrine therapy combined with targeted therapy in the treatment of HR-positive MBC. From the "AI (aromatase inhibitor) era" represented by aromatase inhibitors, we have gradually entered the "post-AI era" represented by fulvestrant. Under the guidance of research on the molecular mechanism of endocrine therapy resistance, the "combination of endocrine therapy and targeted therapy" era is approaching. The development of drugs that target endocrine therapy resistance has concentrated on cyclin-dependent kinase 4/6 inhibitors, histone deacetylase inhibitors, and inhibitors of drug targets in the phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase-protein kinase B-mammalian target of rapamycin (PI3K-AKT-mTOR) pathway, providing new strategies for HR-positive MBC. Exploring biomarkers to guide the more precise use of targeted drugs in endocrine therapy for MBC is the focus of current and future research.
ABSTRACT
Oligosaccharide isomers were distinguished by electron capture dissociation Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry ( ECD-FT-ICR-MS ) in combination with utiliZing alkali, alkaline earth, and transition metals ( Na+, Ca2+, Ba2+, Mg2+, Mn2+ and Co2+) as charge carriers in electrospray.Maltoheptaose, mannohexaose and laminarihexaose were taken as examples to investigate influence of metal ions on the extent of oligosaccharide fragmentation.The same types of fragmentation ions ( 0,2 A and 2,4 A) were obtained for barium- and calcium-adducted maltoheptaose.Mg2+ and Mn2+ had the similar influence ( 0,2 A, 2,4 A and 2,5 A ).Three cross-ring cleavage ions ( 1,4 A, 2,4 A and 2,5 A ) were generated in the spectrum of cobalt-associated maltoheptaose.But in the case of doping Na+into maltoheptaose, only 0,2 A ion was detected.It was found that the signals in the spectra of mannohexaose and laminarihexaose were worse than that in the spectrum of maltoheptaose, probably resulting from different numbers of adducted metal ions.The isomers, mannohexaose and laminarihexaose could be distinguished by ECD-MS in conjunction with the addition of Ca2+, Mg2+ or Co2+.The addition of Ca2+ was the best choice for analysis of oligosaccharides.